The diversity of microorganisms in soils

The diversity of microorganisms in soils

Microorganisms are the most hidden yet popular inhabitants of our planet. These tiny creatures are so small that they cannot be seen without a microscope, but their collective biomass exceeds the entire biomass of the planet. In this article we take a privileged look at the amazing diversity of microorganisms in soils and consider their importance for the ecosystem and human existence.

The diversity of microorganisms

Bacteria and Archaea

First, we turn our attention to bacteria and archaea. These two groups of microorganisms are prokaryotic, meaning they have no nucleus. They vary in size, but many are about a micrometer (one millionth of a meter) wide. According to a study in 2016, one gram of soil contains up to a billion bacteria, belonging to thousands of different species (Source: PNAS, 2016).

Bacteria and archaea are so diverse in soils because they can adapt very well to different environmental conditions. They also perform a variety of functions. They help structure soil, promote the cycling of nutrients, are involved in the decomposition of organic matter, can cause or protect against disease in plants and animals, and have useful industrial applications, including the production of antibiotics and biogas.

Mushrooms

Fungi are another important group of microorganisms in soils. Like bacteria and archaea, they are eukaryotic, meaning they have a nucleus, and they share many of the same functions. They break down complex organic compounds, store and transport nutrients, and some species form symbiotic relationships with plants and animals.

It is estimated that there are around 1.5 million fungal species worldwide, of which only around five percent have been described (Source: Proc. R. Soc. B, 2011).

Protozoa and algae

Protozoa are microscopic single-celled organisms that are much larger than bacteria and archaea, and they play fundamental roles in the soil life cycle. They eat bacteria and fungal spores and thereby help regulate these populations. They also participate in the decomposition of organic compounds and improve soil structure.

Algae, most of them microalgae, are widespread in soils and other wet biotopes. They make important contributions to photosynthesis and oxygen production and play a role in soil stability and nutrient cycling.

The functions of soil microorganisms in the ecosystem

Microorganisms in soils perform a variety of functions in the ecosystem. Here are some of the most important ones.

decomposer

The decomposition of organic matter is one of the most important functions of soil microorganisms. They take on some of the breakdown of organic material that would otherwise be slow and inefficient.

Symbiotes

Many soil microorganisms live in symbiotic relationships with plants and animals. They provide nutrients and protect their hosts from disease.

Soil structuring

Microorganisms are crucial for soil structuring and maintaining soil fertility. They are involved in the formation of soil crumbs and improve water absorption and storage in the soil.

Biological control

Some soil microorganisms have important roles in the biological control of pests and diseases. They can keep harmful microbes under control, thereby contributing to the health of animal and plant populations.

Meaning for humans

Microorganisms in soils are essential for many human activities.

agriculture

The importance of soil microorganisms in agriculture cannot be overemphasized. They contribute to soil fertility and are important for plant growth and nutrient uptake by plants.

medicine

Many drugs and antibiotics, such as streptomycin, which is derived from streptomycetes, were originally produced by soil microorganisms.

Environmental remediation

Soil microorganisms play an important role in cleaning contaminated soil and water, a process known as bioremediation.

Conclusion

Although tiny, microorganisms have an immense impact on life in soils and on the earth in general. Their diversity and numerous specialized functions make them irreplaceable in maintaining soil health and global ecosystems. By understanding them, we can adopt more sustainable practices in agriculture and environmental restoration, and unlock new opportunities in medicine and industry.