Air pollution reduces the birth weight

Von Natur.wiki Autoren-Team

Bezug Smith RB, Fecht D, Gulliver J, et al. Auswirkungen der Luft- und Lärmbelastung durch den Londoner Straßenverkehr auf das Geburtsgewicht: retrospektive bevölkerungsbasierte Kohortenstudie. BMJ. 2017;359:j5299. Entwurf Dabei handelte es sich um eine retrospektive populationsbasierte Kohortenstudie, die den Zusammenhang zwischen Geburtsgewicht und Belastung durch Luft- und Lärmbelastung durch den Straßenverkehr untersuchte. Teilnehmer Die Studie umfasste alle Lebendgeburten im Großraum London, die zwischen 2006 und 2010 stattfanden. Als Grenze wurde die Ringautobahn M25 verwendet. Anhand von offiziellen Geburtsregistern identifizierten die Forscher 671.509 Einlingsgeburten. Davon wurden 7.493 Geburten eliminiert, weil die Wohnorte der Mütter in der Nähe der Untersuchungsgebietsgrenze lagen. Geburten wurden …
Reference Smith RB, Fecht D, Gulliver J, et al. Effects of air and noise pollution from London road traffic on the birth weight: retrospective population-based cohort study. BMJ. 2017; 359: J5299. Draft was a retrospective population-based cohort study, which examined the connection between birth weight and stress due to air and noise pollution from road traffic. Participants included all living births in the London area, which took place between 2006 and 2010. The M25 ring motorway was used as the limit. Using official birth registers, the researchers identified 671,509 of the dinghy. Of this, 7,493 births were eliminated because the mothers' places of residence were near the area of ​​the investigation. Births were ... (Symbolbild/natur.wiki)

reference

Smith RB, Fecht D, Gulliver J, et al. Effects of air and noise pollution from London road traffic on the birth weight: retrospective population-based cohort study. bmj . 2017; 359: J5299.

draft

It was a retrospective population-based cohort study that examined the connection between birth weight and stress due to air and noise pollution from road traffic.

participant

The study included all living births in the London area, which took place between 2006 and 2010. The M25 ring motorway was used as the limit. Using official birth registers, the researchers identified 671,509 of the dinghy. Of this, 7,493 births were eliminated because the mothers' places of residence were near the area of ​​the investigation. Births were excluded from a number of other reasons, including births under 24 weeks, unplausible birth weights and a lack of gestational age. In the end, 540,365 births went into the analysis.

pollution

Modern software enabled the geocoding of the housing locations of mothers on fractions of a meter. Average monthly concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (no 2 ), nitrogen oxides (NOx), ozone (o 3 ), fine dust (pm) with a diameter <10 µm (PM ) from traffic exhaust gases and pm with a diameter of <2.5 µm (pm ) from exhaust gases MX 20 m tall grid over the city. Road traffic noise levels were modeled for all geocoded maternal addresses with a resolution of 0.1 dB.

target parameter

As a low birth weight, a birth weight <2,500 g (5.5 lbs) was defined with a gestational age of at least 37 weeks. Small for the gestational age (SGA) was defined as a birth weight for a gestational age under 10 th perentiles according to gender and ethnic belonging.

important knowledge

Air pollution from road traffic in London affects fetal growth. The authors estimate that 3 % of the births with low birth weight in London are directly due to high PM exposure during pregnancy 2.5 (> 13.8 μg/m 3 ).

A low birth weight is an important indicator of the future health of an infant.

This data does not indicate that traffic noise affects the birth weight. Every interquartile increase in exposure to air pollution was associated with an increase in the probability of birth with a low birth weight by 2 % to 6 %. Statistical trends were shown for falling birth weights with increasing traffic noise, but were weakened when they were cleaned up for the traffic -related air pollutants. Exposure to fine dust 2.5

practice implications

we start clarifying why a low birth weight is such a problem.

In the short term, it is more likely that underweight babies have undesirable consequences such as premature birth, fetal suffering, caesarean section, low apgar values, hypoglycaemia, hospital instruction and death. 1 women born with a low birth weight suffer with greater probability a pre-declamp when they become pregnant later, so that this qualification Generation to generation is passed on. 2 A very low birth weight is associated with anomalies of the brain structure and impairments of cognitive function.

A low birth weight is an important indicator of the future health of an infant. Patterns that are started by a low birth weight at birth can significantly influence the body composition and development in the course of the child's maturity and possibly predict weight problems and various health problems in later life. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus in women aged 40 to 69.

Before we the results of this study by Smith et al. Investigating, we have to pause for a moment and look at this study in the context of several other recent work. A number of studies published in the same period have tried to answer whether air pollution increases the risk of a low birth weight. This paper by Smith et al. is only one of 4 similar studies published in December 2017, according to the PubMed database.

A study by Kingsley et al. was also published in December, which examined the effects of air pollution on premature births in Rhode Island in a hospital -based study. The authors find that the air in Rhode Island is relatively clean compared to the locations examined in previous reports and has little fine dust values ​​in the air. Nevertheless, Kingsley's group reported in the magazine for epidemiology and community health The increased PM 2.5 The exposure was associated with a reduction in birth weight by 12 to 16 grams (n = 61.640). Kingsley's group estimated this at 2.5 µg/m 3 increase in the PM 2.5 exposure during pregnancy, risk of premature birth by 4 %.

liu et al. examined the exposure of mothers to fine dust in Shanghai, China, and reported in an article published in December 2017 about more dramatic effects than the researchers in Rhode Island. The effects were probably greater because the pollution in Shanghai is significantly worse: The annual average concentration of fine dust 2.5 in Shanghai was 56.19 μg/m 3 in 2013. Are 2.5 exposure.

In a further publication of December, NG et al. about their detailed analysis of data on births in California (n = 1,050,330). Interquiliza gain of total PM exposure 2.5 were associated with a risk of low birth weight by 7.7 %. This study details the type of particle and reports on different risks, depending on what the particles are made of; The incidence of low birth weight was increased by 7.7 % by ammonium sulfate particles, by 5.6 % by ground particles and 3.1 % by ammonium nitrate. Regional differences such as inland vs. coast and north vs. south also played a role. 9

As mentioned, these studies were published in the first week of December. A less than careful search in medical literature, which goes back to summer 2017, finds a number of similar reports from places around the world, including Jinan, China, 10 Scotland, 11 Connecticut, 12 and CAPE COD, Massachusetts. are quite consistent, so we should pay close attention to: exposure to air pollution during pregnancy very likely increases the risk of a woman with a low birth weight.

In mice, there seems to be individual periods during pregnancy in which experimental exposure to fine dust has a more impairment and rather increases the risk of low birth weight. Exposure to primary traffic -related air pollutants in the second and third trimester had a greater impact on the low birth weight than exposure in the first trimester. Conversely, PM exposure 2.5 During the former trimester, SGA was more closely associated than exposure during the third trimester. It looks as if there is no good time for exposure.

Walter Crinnion came to the conclusion in a report on air pollution, which was published in this magazine in 2015

Much more attention has to be drawn to recognize the important role, the ordinary air pollutants play for health, and corresponding measures must be taken to reduce the concentration of ordinary air pollutants in the apartment-the only environment that have most people under control. It is quite possible that one of the most effective preventive medical modalities would be the installation of a high -quality air purifier in the apartment.

His conclusion now seems to apply especially to women during pregnancy.

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