Study: lycopine, tomatoes and prostate cancer

Reference

to K, MUCCI L, Rosner Ba, et al. Food lycopine, angiogenesis and prostate cancer: a prospective study in the era of prostate-specific antigens. J Natl Cancer Inst . 2014; 106 (2): DJT430.

Design

ongoing prospective cohort study

study participant

In 1986, 51,529 male US health experts (dentists, opticians, osteopaths, podologists, pharmacists and veterinarians) took part between the ages of 40 and 75.

study parameters

The food intake was evaluated every four years from 1986 to 2006 based on a self -carried out semi -quantitative questionnaire for the frequency of food. The Lycoping content in food was calculated on the basis of data from the US Department of Agriculture. For some of the men in the study, plasma lycopine values ​​were also available (n = 1,200), for which quintile with the highest to lowest Lycopin values ​​were determined. Prostate cancer diagnoses were reported in a questionnaire taking place every two years. The medical documents were checked for data on the tumor stage, the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) at the time of diagnosis, the Gleason score, for angiogenic biomarkers, apoptosis and proliferation. Deaths due to prostate cancer were confirmed by checking medical records, death certificates and searches by the National Death Index. In order to assess whether the PSA screening influences the connection between the lycopine intake and the occurrence of prostate cancer, stratified survival analyzes were carried out before and after the introduction of the PSA test in 1994.

primary result dimensions

Total incidence of prostate cancer in relation to the lycopine intake through food; Incidence of fatal or metastatic prostate cancer in connection with food intake; and markers of tumor anangiogenesis, apoptosis and proliferation in connection with the absorption of lycopine about food.

most important knowledge

Compared to the lowest quintile of the lycopine consumption on food, the top quintile showed an opposite connection between the overall incidence of prostate cancer and the early lycopine intake (Hazard Ratio). [HR]: 0.91; 95 %confidence interval [CI]: 0.84–1.00). A stronger reverse connection between fatal prostate cancer and lycopine intake was found (HR: 0.72; 95 %-KI: 0.56–0.94). The strongest reverse connection was found in men who had the highest admission at the beginning of the course and maintained this recording quantity (HR: 0.48; 95 %KI: 0.30–0.78), in contrast to those who had increased their recording over time. Before the introduction of the PSA test in clinical practice, it was found that a high lycopine recording had a stronger reverse connection with the total number of diagnosed prostate cancer. In the PSA era, however, only a minor reduction in the overall diagnosis of prostate cancer was found. However, the lower risk of fatal prostate cancer remained unchanged. The subjects with prostate cancer had a strong connection between a higher lycopine intake and markers of angiogenesis. These men had tumors with a much lower angiogenic potential. Markers for tumorapoptosis and proliferation showed no connection with the lycopine intake.

effects on practice

This study is the youngest of many who try to educate the connection between lycopine and its possible role in the prevention or treatment of prostate cancer. The large scope (n = 51,529) and the long duration of the study give us a more comprehensive insight into the question of how lifelong habits can influence prostate cancer. The study also gives us an important perspective on how a food component and not an isolated connection can change the course of an illness over time. The data from this study can be used as aids to help doctors educate their patients about habits who promote well -being for a lifetime. In theory, Lycopin seems to be an ideal means of cancer prevention. It is the strongest antioxidant of all carotenoids and activates antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione-S transferase and superoxiddismmutase. ^{1 This can prevent cell and DNA damage. There are also many studies that have shown Lycopin's ability to disturb the growth of prostate cancer cells in culture. 1–3 However, there are mixed data on how Lycopin prostate cancer in humans influences.}

men with the highest lycopine intake about food generally also consumed more fruit, vegetables and fiber, which has been shown to reduce the risk of prostate cancer.

While previous studies showed a more consistent connection between the overall diagnosis of prostate cancer and a high lycopine intake, studies of the past 10 years have come to mixed results. ^{4–9 According to the present study, there has been a lower difference in the number of the diagnosed prostate cancer in relation to lycopine intake. However, the research team determined a significant difference in the frequency of fatal or metastatic prostate cancer in men with the highest and the lowest lycopine level in food. Prostate cancer may have been diagnosed much earlier since the introduction of the PSA test. This also implies that Lycopin influences the course of growth of prostate cancer instead of preventing the formation of the tumors. This assumption is supported by the fact that men with higher lycopine intake and prostate cancer had significantly different markers for the angiogenic potential, which meant that their tumors were less aggressive.}

While there is controversy on the practical value of the universal PSA screening due to the overdiagnosis and treatment of indolent cancer, ^{10.11 In this special study, PSA was a useful replacement for cancer later proven by biopsy and their connection with the Lycopin intake. The group members who showed the greatest benefit at the beginning consumed the highest amount of Lycopine and continued over the years of the study, in contrast to the men who later began to take a higher lycopine food intake. Ideally, the early recording of food with a high lycopical content in nutrition has the most profound effects on the men who later develop prostate cancer.}

As with all full -value studies, other factors can also play a role. For example, there may be other chemicals in food with high lycopical content that could be responsible for the results or who could have a synergistic effect with lycopine in the body. This study used data that were calculated from the reported absorption of food -containing foods instead of complemented lycopine. Other studies in which entire tomato products have also been used. ^{12.13 during studies with complementary lycopine showed a lower benefit. 11,14.15 In addition, it was found that other secondary plant substances such as alpha tomato, a saponin that occurs in tomatoes, the growth of prostate cells in cell cultures and inhibit mice. 16.17 to be taken into account whether, in addition to eating food with a high lycopical content, other factors have also played a role in these results. For example, in this study, the men with the highest lycopine food intake in general also consumed more fruit, vegetables and fiber, which has been shown to reduce the risk of prostate cancer.}

This study is a good long -term look at how to consume a certain food class can help change the course of a disease process over time. In the short term, it is less relevant for patients with prostate cancer, since the effects of lycopine -rich food on prostate cancer are more pronounced if long -term consumption is started before diagnosing prostate. However, the results of the study can help the doctor advise his patients about their eating habits. It underlines the need for high -quality nutritional advice as a decisive part of the prevention aspect of a routine examination. This gives the family doctor another instrument to improve the long -term health of its patients.