Consumption, appetite and weight gain ultra-processed food

reference

Hall KD, Ayuketah a, Brychta R, et al. Ultra-processed diets cause excessive calorie intake and weight gain: an inpatient randomized controlled study on the AD libitum food intake. cell metabolism . 2019; 30: 1-11.

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randomized, controlled study

objective

Determination of the effects of a strongly processed diet compared to an unprocessed diet on appetite and weight gain

participant

The study included 20 adult patients (average age 31.2) in the Clinical Center of the National Institutes of Health (NIH); The participants had a stable weight and an average BMI of 27th

Intervention

The participants either had access to a selection of heavily processed foods or for a selection of unprocessed food and were instructed to eat free (ad libitum) for 2 weeks. The meals were tailored to available calories, energy density, sugar, fiber, sodium and macronutrients. Each cohort switched to the other after 2 weeks. There was no laundry phase.

target parameter

The primary target parameters were

calorie consumption and weight change. Nutrient absorption, appetite, energy consumption, physical activity and energy balance were also pursued.

important knowledge

During the 2 weeks with the diet with ultra-processed food, calorie intake increased by around 500 calories per day (508 ± 106 kcal/day; p = 0.0001). There was also an increased absorption of carbohydrates (280 ± 54 kcal/day; p <0.0001) and fat (230 ± 53 kcal/day; p = 0.0004); No significant changes were observed in protein intake (–2 ± 12 kcal/day; p = 0.85).

It is not surprising that weight changes correlated closely with the calorie intake. The participants took weight in weight (0.9 ± 0.3 kg; p = 0.009) on the diet with ultra-processed food, and they lost weight (0.9 ± 0.3 kg; p = 0.007) on the diet with unprocessed food. These changes also occurred in each diet within 2 weeks.

practice implications

We almost did not want to treat this study because our first answer was: "Of course, the consumption of processed foods led to weight gain!" This is probably the answer to integrative practitioners worldwide who question the security of ultra-processed food. And yet it is difficult to believe that this is really the first randomized controlled study that shows that a heavily processed diet is associated with weight gain.

Earlier publications have pointed out the connection. A review of Poti et al. From 2017, it found that "evidence" indicates a harmful connection between the consumption of ultra-processed food and obesity. ^{1 These researchers also identified a connection between ultra-processed foods and an increased risk of metabolic syndrome, an increased overall and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and cholesterol Risk for high blood pressure.}

This new randomized inpatient study confirms our existing understanding and long-term conviction of a heavily processed diet-that it could be a key factor for increasing obesity epidemic. In addition, as soon as it really appreciates the details of the study and the demanding nature in which it was carried out, so much to appreciate this study.

similar to the comment that we have published in the Juni edition of the magazine for naturopathy with regard to low-carbohydrate diet, 2 This study shows that the old saying "A calorie is a calorie" is too much simplification.

A key aspect of this study was the ability of the researchers to control food intake in both cohorts. The 2 diets included approximately the same availability of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. In addition, the study imitated decisions from the real world, whereby the ultra-processed decisions contained food that could eat ordinary, moderately health-conscious Americans every day.

For example, breakfast for the group of processed foods could contain a bagel with cream cheese and turkey sausage, while the unprocessed diet would be oatmeal with raw almonds, blueberries and 2 % milk.

An example of a processed lunch is a meat cheese sandwich on white bread with diet limeonade and low-fat fries, while the unprocessed lunch is made of salmon, sweet potatoes and natural yoghurt with strawberries.

So it is not the case that the processed diet contained a daily dose of pepperoni pizzas, sugar-containing lemonades, fries and donuts. The big difference to the processed menu was the omniperation of so-called ultra-processed food: breakfast cereals, muffins, chips, white bread, (apparently virtuous) yogurt with sugar taste, low-fat potato chips, fruit juices and diet drinks. This adds up to a wealth of artificial sweeteners, preservatives, emulsifiers, added sugar, flavor enhancers, sodium and unnatural oils.

This new randomized inpatient study confirms our existing understanding and long-term conviction of a heavily processed diet-that it could be a key factor for increasing obesity epidemic.

Another interesting result of this study is the effect of ultra-processed food on appetite. This study confirms that a heavily processed diet increases the appetite. This is probably due to the cranking of the hunger hormone Ghrelin, while the unprocessed diet is probably dampened by Ghrelin and the saturation hormone peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) reinforced. ^{3.4 Future designs could use such laboratories to continue the mechanism of increased calorie consumption during processed foods describe.}

While this study is unique in many ways and refers to weight gain in particular, there were other studies that show additional health effects of a strongly processed diet. A prospective cohort by Filot et al. From 2018, a connection between the inclusion of ultra-processed foods and breast cancer as well as other types of cancer. ^{5 The researchers found that for every 10 percent increase in ultra-processed foods in the diet occurred a corresponding 12 percent increase in overall cancer risk and an increased risk of breast cancer.}

In her latest observing prospective cohort study from 2019 with almost 45,000 participants, Schnabel et al.

In addition, only last month 2 large studies were published in bmj found a positive connection between the consumption of ultra-processed foods and the risk of cardiovascular diseases and death. In the first study by Srour et al. More than 105,000 French adults were asked to fill out a questionnaire in which 3,300 different foods were identified and grouped after processing degree. Similar to the breast cancer study, these researchers found that a 10 percent proportional increase in ultra-processed foods to a 12 percent increase in cardiovascular diseases as a whole, a 13 percent increase in heart disease and an 11 percent increase in cerebrovascular diseases.

In the second study, Spanish university graduates with an average age of 38 years also received an average age of 38. They also found that the risk of mortality increase by 18 % for every additional daily portion (over 4) ultra-processed food. In these two studies, the researchers came to the conclusion that measures are urgently necessary to limit the consumption of ultra-processed food. We could no longer agree.

The evidence increases and the arguments to restrict or avoid ultra-processed foods are stronger than ever. Apart from the fact that you contribute to our current obesity epidemic, evidence that ultra-processed foods are likely to play a key role in a variety of chronic and fatal diseases such as cancer and heart disease.