Is Essen healthier earlier than later?

reference

MAZRI FH, Manaf ZA, Shabhar s, et al. Do time eating habits differ in healthy and unhealthy overweight/obese people? nutrients. 2021; 13 (11): 4121.

Key to take away

A higher energy consumption earlier a day and a lower energy consumption later a day are more metabolic and reduce the risk of going into a metabolic unhealthy state.

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cross-sectional, single clinic, observation study

participant

This study recruited 299 volunteers (73.6 % women) in the region Valley in Malaysia. All participants were members of the government who had no change of change (in order to control circadian disorders as a confounder). Otherwise, a body mass index (BMI) of 25.0 kg/m 2 or older (overweight/obese) and an age between 20 and 59 years (age: 40.3 ± 6.9 years).

After the researchers applied the study criteria, the 299 participants were divided into 126 (42 %) participants with metabolic unhealthy obesity (MUO) and 173 (58 %) participants with metabolic healthy obesity (MHO).

participants were excluded if they were pregnant or breastfeeding, underwent bariatric operation or had a diagnosis of a chronic illness, including liver, heart, kidney diseases or cancer.

intervention

trained dieticians and nutritionists administered a 7-day retrospective Dietary History Questionnaire (DHQ).

The investigators analyzed the food measurements with Nutritionist Pro tm software.

They used the times of the participants and calculated the center to get to the temporal patterns of the energy and macronutrient supply. They classified these temporal patterns in early and late dining windows.

meals taken before half -time were considered time windows for early meals and meals after half -time as a time window for late food.

study parameters evaluated

The investigators carried out the study for 6 months (August 2019 - January 2020).

The early versus late meal window was defined by determining the center between the first and last meal for each subject and then calculated whether the majority of the calories (early meal windows) or then (late meal window) was eaten center.

The laboratory values ​​included sober blood sugar and insulin levels. HBA _{1c Total cholesterol, high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, triglyceride and uric acid level.}

The investigators also measure the waist size, size and weight as well as the blood pressure for parameters of the metabolic state of health. To calculate the body composition, they used an bioelectric impedance analyzer (BIA).

The participants were classified as metabolic unhealthy obstacle (MUO) if they met 3 or more of the 5 following criteria:

• Soberblutzucker (FBG) over 5.6 mmol/l or medication for control of blood sugar
• sober-triglyceride (TG) over 1.7 mmol/l or medication to control the lipids
• fasting HDL-C less than 1.29 mmol/l for women; Sober HDL-C less than 1.03 mmol/l for men
• systolic blood pressure over 130 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure over mmHg or drug treatment to control high blood pressure
• waist size (toilet) larger than 80 cm in women; Tales larger than 90 cm in men

metabolic healthy obese (MHO) participants were those who met 2 or less of the above parameters.

The investigators carried out a Night Eating Questionnaire (NEQ) to search for the presence of a night-eating syndrome; They used 13 of the 17 items in this study, questions 1 to 12 and question 14.

In the region of the sound Valley in Malaysia, 20 % of the population have a shared sleep rhythm due to the morning prayers. The investigators used the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ) to adjust to participants who had a shared sleep plan; This takes its focus of sleep to correct sleep debt and create chronotypes of the morning or evening.

The investigators managed the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (Malaysian version) to evaluate the physical activity of the participants.

primary result

The study was developed to assess whether the time of day of energy and macronutrient absorption with metabolic or unhealthy obesity in overweight/obese people, as stated by AN, is associated with a priori criteria.

important knowledge

There were no significant differences between the MHO and MUO participants in relation to sleep characteristics, physical activity, lifestyle features or nightly food.

Both the MHO and the MUO participants were similar in the average age. There was no significant inherent difference in the morning and evening chronotypes between the two groups.

When the investigators corrected all lifestyle parameters such as sleep, physical activities and lifestyle, they found that MHO participants used more than 60 % of their energy during the early window. MUO participants used less than 60 % of the energy consumption during the early window. Instead, the MUO participants used more than 40 % of their energy during the late window.

MUO participants used a lower proportion of energy during the early window: 59.0 % ( p = 0.008); Carbohydrates: 30.6 %, ( p = 0.021); Protein: 9.7 % ( p = 0.049).

MUO participants used a higher energy share during the late window: 41 % ( p = 0.008); Carbohydrates, 18.1 % ( p = 0.019); Fat 13.1 % ( p = 0.024).

Additional results found that the MUO group had a significant more male participant with 53 % more male participants than 46.8 % male participants in the MHO group ( p = 0.021).

The MUO participants had a higher obesity and both a systolic and diastolic blood pressure that was higher than the MHO. The biochemical parameters of the MUO participants were worse than that of the MHO participants, with the exception of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and uric acid level.

This research suggests that a higher energy consumption earlier a day and a lower energy consumption later are metabolic a day. This has proven to be advantageous for morning and evening chronotypes. An additional prospective study must be carried out to understand whether chrono diet can delay the progression of metabolic healthy obesity to metabolic unhealthy obesity.

transparency

Research for this study was financed by the Ministry of Higher Education. The authors did not provide any information.

practice implications

This study suggests that a higher calorie intake earlier a day and reducing this calorie intake later in the evening can be more metabolic than a later food intake.

The parameters of the metabolic health state that were used to define "metabolic unhealthy" are also those who determine the presence of a metabolic syndrome.

This has a strong impact on the food when it comes to teaching people about healthy eating habits in relation to the best times of eating meals and the composition of meals.

This study can prove to be particularly helpful when it comes to explaining the effects of the food during the day instead of ingrating meals and taking major meals in the evening. The increased risk of symptoms of the metabolic syndrome and obesity with the later consumption of higher energy quantities in the evening was also in a small study by GU C et al. 2

With the increasing popularity of the intermittent fasting, many people have passed to lay their meals to later a day, with the aim of losing weight and achieving a healthier metabolic state.

While intermittent fasting can be a very successful approach to reducing the parameters of the metabolic syndrome when used correctly, this current study suggests that eating energy -rich meals later correlates with the metabolic syndrome, which increases the risk of more serious chronic diseases.

If you teach patients about intermittent fasting or talk to you, it is best to exchange information about time windows and calorie recording measurements and to emphasize that patients should strive for early energy absorption and reduce the energy -rich recording later a day. It is also helpful to carry out laboratories and repeat laboratories to ensure that the metabolic parameters improve under nutrition.

There is another interesting aspect of this study. Despite the fact that the overall population of this study was female (73.6 %), there were significantly more men in the MUO group than in the MHO group. While we continue to deal with healthy eating habits, a special focus may have to be focused on clarifying men about temporary eating habits in order to reduce their risk of metabolic syndrome and chronic diseases in connection with eating habits.

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