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![Bezug Kogevinas M, Espinosa A, Castelló A, et al. Auswirkung falscher Essgewohnheiten auf das Brust- und Prostatakrebsrisiko (MCC-Spanien-Studie) [published online ahead of print July 17, 2018]. Int J Krebs. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ijc.31649. Entwurf Populationsbasierte Fall-Kontroll-Studie Teilnehmer Die Daten stammen von MCC-Spain, einer populationsbasierten Multicase-Control-Studie (MCC), die von 2008 bis 2013 in 12 Regionen Spaniens durchgeführt wurde. Die größere MCC-Studie umfasst Fälle von 5 Tumorarten und Populationskontrollen. Diese Subanalyse umfasste Daten von Männern und Frauen im Alter von 20 bis 85 Jahren mit histologisch bestätigten Fällen von Brustkrebs (1.738 Frauen) und Prostatakrebs (1.112 Männer). Nach Ausschluss von Personen, die jemals Nachtschichten gearbeitet hatten, …](https://natur.wiki/cache/images/SIBO-and-Anti-Inflammatories-Boswellia-Curcumin-jpg-webp-1100.webp)
Relation
Kogevinas M, Espinosa A, Castelló A, et al. Effect of poor eating habits on the risk of breast and prostate cancer (MCC-Spain study) [published online ahead of print July 17, 2018].Int J Cancer. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ijc.31649.
Draft
Population-based case-control study
Participant
Data come from MCC-Spain, a population-based multicase control study (MCC) conducted in 12 regions of Spain from 2008 to 2013. The larger MCC study includes cases of 5 tumor types and population controls. This subanalysis included data from men and women aged 20 to 85 years with histologically confirmed cases of breast cancer (1,738 women) and prostate cancer (1,112 men). After excluding people who had ever worked night shifts, the final analysis included 621 cases of prostate cancer and 1,205 cases of breast cancer. Population controls included 872 men and 1,321 women randomly selected from primary health centers and frequently matched by gender, geographic area, and age.
Study parameters assessed
Participants were surveyed about meal timing, sleep, chronotype, and completed a food frequency questionnaire.
Target parameters
Occurrence of prostate or breast cancer
Key insights
Compared with participants who went to sleep immediately or shortly after dinner, participants who delayed going to sleep for 2 or more hours after dinner had a 20% lower risk of breast and prostate cancer combined (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 0.80; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.67-0.96) and of each cancer separately (prostate cancer OR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.55-0.99 and breast cancer OR: 0.84; 95% CI: 0.67–1.06). A similar association was observed in participants who ate dinner before 9:00 p.m. compared to those who ate their dinner after 10:00 p.m.
The effect of a longer dinner-to-sleep interval was more pronounced in those who adhered to other cancer prevention recommendations (OR [both cancers]: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.44-0.97) and in morning types (OR [both cancers]: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.49-0.90). Those who had both an earlier dinner (before 9:00 p.m.) and a longer dinner-to-sleep interval (≥2 hours) had an approximately 25% lower combined cancer risk compared to these (OR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.57-1.0). who ate dinner after 10 p.m. and had a short dinner-sleep interval (<2 hours).
In summary, adherence to a daily eating pattern and particularly a long interval between the last meal and sleep was associated with a lower risk of cancer.
Practice implications
In 2007, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) released a statement that shift work that disrupts circadian rhythms is probably carcinogenic to humans.1
In addition, experimental and epidemiological data have linked chronic circadian disruption to a number of other chronic diseases, including diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and others.2-4
If we ask our patients about their sleep habits and find that they go to bed too early after dinner, encouraging them to change that habit may reduce their risk of cancer.
Clearly there is something about sleep patterns that affects health. A June 2018 study examined the effects of meals that are not synchronized with the body's circadian clock on plasma protein levels over the course of a day. Of 1,129 proteins analyzed, about half (573) fluctuated in abundance during a 24-hour circadian cycle. The authors concluded that circadian misalignment alters the biological pathways of 127 proteins, pathways related to immune function, metabolism and cancer.5The study currently under review suggests that the timing of meals relative to sleep may also have an effect.
Most studies on diet and cancer have focused on the types of foods eaten, either macromolecules or specific foods containing specific phytonutrients, rather than the timing of meals. Still, a small number of studies have examined eating habits. For example, a study by Marinac et al. in 2016 (reviewed in this journal) found that prolonged overnight fasting is associated with a lower risk of breast cancer recurrence.6.7
This current study adds several new ideas to our understanding of the relationships between meal timing, sleep, and cancer that may have clinical relevance.
First, falling asleep immediately after dinner was associated with an increased incidence of breast or prostate cancer. A sleep delay of just 2 hours reduced the combined risk of these cancers by 26% for prostate cancer and 16% for breast cancer. If we ask our patients about their sleep habits and find that they go to bed too early after dinner, encouraging them to change that habit may reduce their risk of cancer. They could choose to either eat dinner earlier or go to bed later. Given the results of Marinac et al. an earlier dinner might be more beneficial.
Second, eating an early dinner also reduced the risk of cancer. We must remember that this data comes from Spain, where the cultural norm is to postpone dinner until relatively late at night by American standards. In this study, eating before 9 p.m. was associated with about a 35% lower risk of cancer than eating after 10 p.m. How this will affect people in the United States, who typically eat dinner around 6 p.m., is unclear.
The best idea is to combine both practices by eating early and delaying falling asleep for a few hours after eating.
Third, the influence of meal timing varied by certain general characteristics. The data was further analyzed by the person's chronotype, a concept that has been gaining attention recently. The study authors describe chronotype as “a human trait with a genetic basis that correlates with daily preference for morning or evening activities.”8
In simple terms, the chronotype indicates whether a person is better described as a “night owl” or an “early bird”. The protective benefits of meal times and sleep patterns were greater for chronotypes that preferred morning activity; Morning types had a 34% reduction in cancer risk compared to just a 14% reduction for night types. The timing of meals and sleep made a bigger difference for early risers than for night owls.
This study supports a number of traditional naturopathic concepts, particularly early eating. It also suggests that simple interventions and lifestyle changes can have a significant impact on cancer risk.