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Relation
Heisz J, Clark I, Bonin K, et al. The effects of physical exercise and cognitive training on memory and neurotrophic factors.J cogn neurosci. 2017;29(11):1895-1907.
Objective
To examine the effects of exercise training compared to combined exercise and cognitive training to determine whether there are synergistic effects on memory in humans. Neurotrophic factors that support hippocampal cell survival and function were also measured to suggest possible mechanisms for observed memory changes.
Draft
Non-randomized intervention study
Participant
95 healthy young adults aged 17 to 30 years (58 women, 37 men), who trained intensively at the start of the course at the start of the course
intervention
The participants completed 6 weeks either physical training, combined physical and cognitive training or no training (control). The movement training consisted of 20 minutes of high -intensity interval training about three times a week for 6 weeks (average number of training sessions for the training group: 17 ± 1 SD). The cognitive training consisted of 20 minutes of training with a computer -aided version of the concentration memory task about 3 times a week for 6 weeks.
Study parameters assessed
- Spitzensauerstoffverbrauch (VO2 Peak), um zu beweisen, dass körperliches Training die aerobe Fitness verbessert.
- Kirwan und Starks Mnemonic Similarity Task (MST) zum Testen der Gedächtnisfunktion. Der MST testet das Gedächtnis von Bildern von Alltagsgegenständen, insbesondere das Hochinterferenzgedächtnis und die allgemeine Wiedererkennung. Ein hohes Interferenzgedächtnis wurde als voreingenommene Fähigkeit definiert, Köderartikel korrekt als „ähnlich“ zu identifizieren, und allgemeine Wiedererkennung wurde als voreingenommene Fähigkeit definiert, eine Wiederholung korrekt als „alt“ zu identifizieren.
Primary result measurements
- Maximaler Sauerstoffverbrauch am Ende der 6-wöchigen Übungsintervention; Teilnehmer mit VO2 Peak > 4,6 ml/kg/min wurden als High-Responder und solche mit VO angesehen2 Peaks < 4,6 ml/kg/min wurden als Low-Responder betrachtet.
- Verbesserung bei hochinterferenten und allgemeinen Erkennungsgedächtnisaufgaben von der Grundlinie bis zum Ende der 6-wöchigen Übungsintervention
- Veränderung der Serumspiegel von BDNF und IGF-1 vom Ausgangswert bis zum Ende der 6-wöchigen Intervention
Key insights
- Sowohl die reine Übungsgruppe als auch die kombinierte Übungs- und kognitive Trainingsgruppe hatten eine bessere High-Interferenz-Gedächtnisleistung als die Kontrollgruppe (P<0,05).
- Die BDNF- und IGF-1-Serumspiegel stiegen gegenüber dem Ausgangswert bei Personen signifikant an, die eine größere aerobe Anpassung an das körperliche Training zeigten (d. h. High-Responder; P<0,05).
- High-Response auf Bewegung, die auch kognitives Training erhielten, hatten eine bessere High-Interferenz-Gedächtnisleistung als diejenigen in der Nur-Übungs-Gruppe (P=0,037).
Practice implications
Physical activity is associated with improvements in cognitive function in both animal and human models. In humans, an active lifestyle and cardiovascular fitness are associated with better cognitive function in old age.1Other cross -sectional studies have found that aerobic fitness predicts a better memory performance in tasks with delayed free memory,2relational memory,3and spatial learning.4
However, few studies have examined the combined effects of exercise and cognitive training in humans, and these have been limited to older adult populations.5.6
Perhaps the question of movement should be: "What kind, intensity and frequency is ideal to improve memory?"
Animal models have found that exercise promotes the proliferation of new neurons in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, while cognitive training promotes the survival and integration of these new neurons within the network. The hippocampus is primarily associated with memory, particularly the formation and retrieval of memories of complex events and episodes.7In contrast, the gyrus dentatus refers to the finer details of the memory; In particular, it plays an important role in the dissolution of interference between very similar contexts.
This study examines the effects of exercise training compared to combined exercise and cognitive training to determine whether there are synergistic effects on memory in young adults. This study also evaluated the influence of exercise on aerobic fitness and the serum neurotrophic factors BDNF and IGF-1.
Studies have shown that associations between higher aerobic fitness and better memory performance can be reinforced by increasing the neurotrophic factors. IGF-1 and BDNF are both known to influence neurogenesis and plasticity through similar signal paths.8The neurotrophic factor from the brain helps the brain to build new connections, repair faulty brain cells and protect healthy brain cells. It has also been proven that it regulates synaptic plasticity that is essential for a high interference memory.9In addition, IGF-1-a well-known strong stimulus for angiogenesis-is increased by movement and it is assumed that it acts as an upstream mediator to increase the production of BDNF in the hippocampus.7
The authors found that the high-responders to exercise in the combined training group had better high-interference memory performance than high-responders to exercise who received exercise training alone. In addition, high responders also had higher BDNF and IGF-1 levels. Therefore, the authors suggest that additional memory benefit from cognitive training may require the availability of neurotrophic factors. However, this should be interpreted with caution. The study found that serum levels of the neurotrophic factors BDNF and IGF-1 were not affected by exercise or combined interventions at the group level. This is in contrast to data in previous animal models.10-12
These results indicate that the potential for synergistic effects of the combination of movement and cognitive training of aerobic fitness wins and the availability of the production of neurotropher factors can depend.
Although this study highlights the importance of aerobic fitness adaptations, this is just one of the many different physiological adaptations that occur during exercise that could contribute to the effects on memory. Perhaps the question regarding exercise should be: "What type, intensity and frequency is ideal for improving memory? particularly the ability to produce neurotrophic factors."